Contents:
1—list of interventions for “regime change”
2—list of air warfare campaigns
3—list of client states
4—list of states held by debt-leverage
imperialism
5—list of foreign base hosts
6—list of murder toll
7—list of unsavory rightists supported
8—list of perverted international bodies
9—list of interventions for opposing
liberation
10—list of interventions
pre-1941
11—list of covert operations
12—list of front
organizations
13—list of low intensity
conflicts
14—list of proxy wars
15—list of foreign policy
doctrines
16—list of propaganda
campaigns
Bibliography
Useful Periodicals
Relevant Hyperlinks
1.
Chronological list of interventions, with the purpose of effecting “regime
change,” attempted or materially supported by the United States—whether
primarily by means of overt force (OF), covert operation (CO), or subverted
election (SE):
a) OF and SE imply, necessarily, prior and continuing
CO.
b) OF = directly applied state terrorism by the
United States repressive apparatus i.e. the Departments of War/Defense, Energy,
Treasury, and State. N.B. the formation of the National Security Council (1947)
and the Office of Homeland Security (2002).
c) CO = reconnaissance, classical coups d’etat, legal harassment,
disinformation (through media, legal, NGO, student, labor, and other front
groups), bribery, sabotage, assassination, proxy warfare, running ratlines for
fascist émigré groups, and assorted other clandestine activities.
d) SE = a particular species of CO,
comparatively non-violent, high plausible deniability, usually involves dumping
tons of cash and campaign technologies into the hands of rightist groups during
elections, sowing discord in leftist parties, buying up media space in order to
destabilize electorates, tampering directly with ballot results, and hiring
jackboots to actively threaten and brutalize voters in the last resort. NB many
subverted elections are preceded by lengthy terror campaigns (e.g. Nicaragua,
El Salvador, Yugoslavia, etc).
It should go without saying that the following
entries are simplified; only the major “payoff” year is listed, where
applicable. Most attempted overthrows
were preceded by lengthy preparations—vast right wing conspiracies,
indeed. NB that this list remains under
construction; new data will be added in the next installment.
[Date – place (head of targeted state/candidate in
subverted election; political affiliation): outcome (means)]
The * indicates that I’m not clever enough to have
found the absent data yet. Apologies.
“Neutralist” refers to a given regime’s desire to
avoid taking sides with either power bloc in the cold war. It should be readily
apparent that such is an unforgivable sin against the foreign policy
establishment in the United States.
“Nationalist” refers to a given regime’s
desire to nationalize foreign-owned means of production within its national
boundaries. It should be readily
apparent that such is an unforgivable sin against the foreign policy
establishment in the United States.
1893 – Hawaii (Liliuokalani; monarchist):
success (OF)
1912 – China (Piyu;
monarchist): success (OF)
1918 – Panama (Arias;
center-right): success (SE)
1919 – Hungary (Kun; communist): success (CO)
1920 – USSR (Lenin; communist): failure (OF)
1924 – Honduras (Carias; nationalist): success (SE)
1934 – United States (Roosevelt; liberal): failure
(CO)
1945 – Japan (Higashikuni; rightist): success (OF)
1946 – Thailand (Pridi; conservative): success (CO)
1946 – Argentina (Peron; military/centrist): failure
(SE)
1947 – France (*; communist): success (SE)
1947 – Philippines (*; center-left): success (SE)
1947 – Romania (Gheorghiu-Dej; stalinist): failure
(CO)
1948 – Italy (*, communist): success (SE)
1948 – Colombia (Gaitan; populist/leftist): success
(SE)
1948 – Peru (Bustamante; left/centrist): success
(CO)
1949 – Syria (Kuwatli; neutralist/Pan-Arabist):
success (CO)
1949 – China (Mao; communist): failure (CO)
1950 – Albania (Hoxha; communist): failure (CO)
1951 – Bolivia (Paz; center/neutralist): success
(CO)
1951 – DPRK (Kim; stalinist): failure (OF)
1951 – Poland (Cyrankiewicz; stalinist): failure
(CO)
1951 – Thailand (Phibun; conservative): success (CO)
1952 – Egypt (Farouk; monarchist): success (CO)
1952 – Cuba (Prio; reform/populist): success (CO)
1952 – Lebanon (*; left/populist): success: (SE)
1953 – British Guyana (*; left/populist): success
(CO)
1953 – Iran (Mossadegh; liberal nationalist):
success (CO)
1953 – Costa Rica (Figueres; reform liberal):
failure (CO)
1953 – Philippines (*; center-left): success (SE)
1954 – Guatemala (Arbenz; liberal nationalist):
success (OF)
1955 – Costa Rica (Figueres; reform liberal):
failure (CO)
1955 – India (Nehru; neutralist/socialist): failure
(CO)
1955 – Argentina (Peron; military/centrist): success
(CO)
1955 – China (Zhou; communist): failure (CO)
1955 – Vietnam (Ho; communist): success (SE)
1956 – Hungary (Hegedus; communist): success (CO)
1957 – Egypt (Nasser; military/nationalist): failure
(CO)
1957 – Haiti (Sylvain; left/populist): success (CO)
1957 – Syria (Kuwatli; neutralist/Pan-Arabist):
failure (CO)
1958 – Japan (*; left-center): success (SE)
1958 – Chile (*; leftists): success (SE)
1958 – Iraq (Feisal; monarchist): success (CO)
1958 – Laos (Phouma; nationalist): success (CO)
1958 – Sudan (Sovereignty Council; nationalist):
success (CO)
1958 – Lebanon (*; leftist): success (SE)
1958 – Syria (Kuwatli; neutralist/Pan-Arabist):
failure (CO)
1958 – Indonesia (Sukarno; militarist/neutralist):
failure (SE)
1959 – Laos (Phouma; nationalist): success (CO)
1959 – Nepal (*; left-centrist): success (SE)
1959 – Cambodia (Sihanouk; moderate/neutralist):
failure (CO)
1960 – Ecuador (Ponce; left/populist): success (CO)
1960 – Laos (Phouma; nationalist): success (CO)
1960 – Iraq (Qassem; rightist /militarist): failure
(CO)
1960 – S. Korea (Syngman; rightist): success (CO)
1960 – Turkey (Menderes; liberal): success (CO)
1961 – Haiti (Duvalier; rightist/militarist):
success (CO)
1961 – Cuba (Castro; communist): failure (CO)
1961 – Congo (Lumumba; leftist/pan-Africanist):
success (CO)
1961 – Dominican Republic (Trujillo;
rightwing/military): success (CO)
1962 – Brazil (Goulart; liberal/neutralist): failure
(SE)
1962 – Dominican Republic (*; left/populist):
success (SE)
1962 – Indonesia (Sukarno; militarist/neutralist):
failure (CO)
1963 – Dominican Republic (Bosch; social democrat):
success (CO)
1963 – Honduras (Montes; left/populist): success
(CO)
1963 – Iraq (Qassem; militarist/rightist): success
(CO)
1963 – S. Vietnam (Diem; rightist): success (CO)
1963 – Cambodia (Sihanouk; moderate/neutralist):
failure (CO)
1963 – Guatemala (Ygidoras; rightist/reform):
success (CO)
1963 – Ecuador (Velasco; reform militarist): success
(CO)
1963 – United States (Kennedy; liberal): success
(CO)
1964 – Guyana (Jagan; populist/reformist): success
(CO)
1964 – Bolivia (Paz; centrist/neutralist): success
(CO)
1964 – Brazil (Goulart; liberal/neutralist): success
(CO)
1964 – Chile (Allende; social democrat/marxist):
success (SE)
1965 – Indonesia (Sukarno; militarist/neutralist):
success (CO)
1966 – Ghana (Nkrumah; leftist/pan-Africanist):
success (CO)
1966 – Bolivia (*; leftist): success (SE)
1966 – France (de Gaulle; centrist): failure (CO)
1967 – Greece (Papandreou; social democrat): success
(CO)
1968 – Iraq (Arif; rightist): success (CO)
1969 – Panama (Torrijos; military/reform populist):
failure (CO)
1969 – Libya (Idris; monarchist): success (CO)
1970 – Bolivia (Ovando; reform nationalist): success
(CO)
1970 – Cambodia (Sihanouk; moderate/neutralist):
success (CO)
1970 – Chile (Allende; social democrat/Marxist):
failure (SE)
1971 – Bolivia (Torres; nationalist/neutralist):
success (CO)
1971 – Costa Rica (Figueres; reform liberal):
failure (CO)
1971 – Liberia (Tubman; rightist): success (CO)
1971 – Turkey (Demirel; center-right): success (CO)
1971 – Uruguay (Frente Amplio; leftist): success
(SE)
1972 – El Salvador (*; leftist): success (SE)
1972 – Australia (Whitlam; liberal/labor): failure
(SE)
1973 – Chile (Allende; social democrat/Marxist):
success (CO)
1974 – United States (Nixon; centrist): success (CO)
1975 – Australia (Whitlam; liberal/labor): success
(CO)
1975 – Congo (Mobutu; military/rightist): failure
(CO)
1975 – Bangladesh (Mujib; nationalist): success (CO)
1976 – Jamaica (Manley; social democrat): failure
(SE)
1976 – Portugal (JNS; military/leftist): success
(SE)
1976 – Nigeria (Mohammed; military/nationalist):
success (CO)
1976 – Thailand (*; rightist): success (CO)
1976 – Uruguay (Bordaberry; center-right): success
(CO)
1977 – Pakistan (Bhutto: center/nationalist):
success (CO)
1978 – Dominican Republic (Balaguer; center):
success (SE)
1979 – S. Korea (Park; rightist): success (CO)
1979 – Nicaragua (Sandinistas; leftist): failure
(CO)
1980 – Bolivia (Siles; centrist/reform): success
(CO)
1980 – Iran (Khomeini; Islamic nationalist): failure
(CO)
1980 – Italy (*; leftist): success (SE)
1980 – Liberia (Tolbert; rightist): success (CO)
1980 – Jamaica (Manley; social democrat): success
(SE)
1980 – Dominica (Seraphin; leftist): success (SE)
1980 – Turkey (Demirel; center-right): success (CO)
1981 – Seychelles (René; socialist): failure (CO)
1981 – Spain (Suarez; rightist/neutralist): failure
(CO)
1981 – Panama (Torrijos; military/reform populist);
success (CO)
1981 – Zambia (Kaunda; reform nationalist): failure
(CO)
1982 – Mauritius (*; center-left): failure (SE)
1982 – Spain (Suarez; rightist/neutralist): success
(SE)
1982 – Iran (Khomeini; Islamic nationalist): failure
(CO)
1982 – Chad (Oueddei; Islamic nationalist): success
(CO)
1983 – Mozambique (Machel; socialist): failure (CO)
1983 – Grenada (Bishop; socialist): success (OF)
1984 – Panama (*; reform/centrist): success (SE)
1984 – Nicaragua (Sandinistas; leftist): failure
(SE)
1984 – Surinam (Bouterse; left/reformist/neutralist):
success (CO)
1984 – India (Gandhi; nationalist): success (CO)
1986 – Libya (Qaddafi; Islamic nationalist): failure
(OF)
1987 – Fiji (Bavrada; liberal): success (CO)
1989 – Panama (Noriega; military/reform populist):
success (OF)
1990 – Haiti (Aristide; liberal reform): failure
(SE)
1990 – Nicaragua (Ortega; Christian socialist):
success (SE)
1991 – Albania (Alia; communist): success (SE)
1991 – Haiti (Aristide; liberal reform): success
(CO)
1991 – Iraq (Hussein; military/rightist): failure
(OF)
1991 – Bulgaria (BSP; communist): success (SE)
1992 – Afghanistan (Najibullah; communist): success
(CO)
1993 – Somalia (Aidid; right/militarist): failure
(OF)
1993 – Cambodia (Han Sen/CPP; leftist): failure (SE)
1993 – Burundi (Ndadaye; conservative): success (CO)
1994 – El Salvador (*; leftist): success (SE)
1994 – Rwanda (Habyarimana; conservative): success
(CO)
1994 – Ukraine (Kravchuk; center-left): success (SE)
1996 – Bosnia (Karadzic; centrist): success (CO)
1996 – Russia (Zyuganov; communist): success (SE)
1996 – Congo (Mobutu; military/rightist): success
(CO)
1996 – Mongolia (*; center-left): success (SE)
1998 – Congo (Kabila; rightist/military): success
(CO)
1998 – United States (Clinton; conservative):
failure (CO)
1998 – Indonesia (Suharto; military/rightist):
success (CO)
1999 – Yugoslavia (Milosevic; left/nationalist):
success (SE)
2000 – United States (Gore; conservative): success
(SE)
2000 – Ecuador (NSC; leftist): success: (CO)
2001 – Afghanistan (Omar; rightist/Islamist):
success (OF)
2001 – Belarus (Lukashenko; leftist): failure (SE)
2001 – Nicaragua (Ortega; Christian socialist):
success (SE)
2001 – Nepal (Birendra; nationalist/monarchist):
success (CO)
2002 – Venezuela (Chavez; reform-populist): failure
(CO)
2002 – Bolivia (Morales; leftist/MAS): success (SE)
2002 – Brazil (Lula; center-left): failure (SE)
We should keep in mind that the goals of the
imperialist in each of these instances are multiple: acquisition of access to
local “markets” of all varieties; imposition of neoliberal policy; destruction
of any potential alternative to the techno-fascist ruling order; provision of
incentive for a sprawling parasitical and parastatal
medical-intelligence-military-industrial complex (MIMIC); production of
official “villains” for propaganda purposes; intimidation of non-combatants (as
in the year 1945), and continuing political hegemony of the transnational elite
based in DC.
2.
Chronological list of US air warfare campaigns:
Japan (1943-45): conventional; incendiary; nuclear
China (1945-49): conventional; biological
Korea (1950-53): conventional; biological; chemical;
incendiary
China (1951-52): conventional; biological; chemical
Guatemala (1954): conventional
Indonesia (1958): conventional
Cuba (1959-61): conventional; (biochemical attacks
in other years)
Guatemala (1960): conventional
Vietnam (1961-73): conventional; chemical;
biological; cluster
Congo (1964): conventional
Peru (1965): conventional
Laos (1964-73): conventional; chemical; biological;
cluster
Guatemala (1967-69): conventional
Cambodia (1969-70): conventional; chemical;
biological
Cambodia (1975): conventional
El Salvador (1980-89): conventional
Nicaragua (1980-89): conventional
Grenada (1983): conventional
Lebanon (1983-4): conventional
Syria (1984): conventional
Libya (1986): conventional
Iran (1987): conventional
Panama (1989): conventional; chemical; biological
Iraq (1991-2002): conventional; chemical;
biological; cluster; DU
Kuwait (1991): conventional; chemical; biological;
cluster; DU
Somalia (1993): conventional
Bosnia (1993-95): conventional; cluster; DU
Sudan (1998): conventional; biological
Afghanistan
(1998): conventional
Yugoslavia (1999): conventional; chemical;
biological; cluster; DU
Afghanistan (2001-02): conventional; chemical;
biological; cluster; DU
3.
Chronological list of US client states: [under construction]
1847 – Liberia: to present
1848 – Mexico: to 1911
1893 – Hawaii: to 1959
1899 – Cuba: to 1959
1903 – Dominican Republic: to present
1903 – Honduras: to present
1912 – China: to 1949
1922 – Italy: to 1941
1928 – Portugal: to 1974
1933 – Germany: to 1941
1939 – Spain: to present
1943 – Italy: to present
1944 – Saudi Arabia: to present
1945 – France: to 1965
1945 – Japan: to present
1945 – West Germany: to 1960
1945 – South Korea: to present
1945 – Burma: to 1962
1946 – Thailand: to present
1947 – Greece: to 1964
1947 – Turkey: to present
1948 – Israel: to present
1949 – Taiwan: to present
1950 – Colombia: to present
1952 – Australia: to present
1952 – Lebanon: to present
1952 – New Zealand: to 1985
1953 – Iran: to 1979
1954 – Guatemala: to present
1954 – Pakistan: to present
1959 – Paraguay: to present
1955 – South Vietnam: to 1975
1957 – Haiti: to present
1957 – Jordan: to present
1960 – Congo/Zaire: to present
1963 – Iraq: to 1990
1964 – Bolivia: to present
1964 – Brazil: to present
1965 – Greece: to present
1965 – Peru: to present
1966 – Central African Republic: to present
1969 – Oman: to present
1970 – Egypt: to present
1970 – Cambodia: to 1979
1970 – Uruguay: to present
1975 – Morocco: to present
1976 – Portugal: to present
1978 – Kenya: to present
1978 – S. Africa: to 1990
1979 – Yemen: to present
1979 – Somalia: to 1991
1982 – Chad: to present
1982 – Mexico: to present
1984 – Brunei: to present
1988 – Burma: to present
1992 – Angola: to 2002
1993 – Azerbaijan: to present
1993 – Eritrea: to present
1993 – Nigeria: to present
1994 – Ukraine: to present
1995 – Ethiopia: to present
2000 – Kyrgyzstan: to present
2001 – Afghanistan: to present
[all of Latin America (sans Mexico, Venezuela, Costa
Rica, Cuba 1964-1990); a legion of others ]
4.
Chronological list of states held in the manacles of debt-leverage
imperialism:
N.B. these states are held in the thralldom of
“odious debt” imposed upon them by (typically) quasi-fascistic regimes who 1)
often enough were empowered via United States state terrorism and 2) accepted
the terms of United States dominated Bretton Woods restructuring programs.
Many countries found themselves in dire
monetary and fiscal straits in the early 1980s—after the Nixon shocks, the
various oil embargoes, and the Volcker interest rate hikes. At this time of the debt crisis, the IMF and
World Bank became “lenders of last resort” for regimes unable to meet balance
of payments obligations to imperialist-controlled banks—but such lending comes
with a cost: dismantle any and all
policies that don’t adhere to the mystical mantras of neoliberalism (ie such
policies as protectionism, capital regulation, state industry, wage control,
labor and environmental regulation, resistance to currency devaluation,
autochthonous/non-export production, etc had to go); such is the nature of the
structural adjustment program (SAP).
Note further that these policies were the
Reaganites’ answer to the “Crisis of Democracy” (as defined by the geniuses in
the Trilateral Commission) that was occurring on a global scale and to the
relative loss of US geopolitical power in the late 1970s. In order to disrupt the G-77, UNCTAD, and
other international movements modeled on the success of OPEC, the debt crisis
and its neoliberal response were engineered for the sake of ushering in a new
world order of managed friggin’ chaos.
It is good to recall that a number of countries that have refused SAP
have been attacked (e.g., Serbia) and/or destabilized (e.g., Belarus). It is also prudent to realize that many an
“ethnic,” “religious,” or otherwise vaguely described “civil” war has been
caused directly by SAP (e.g., Somalia, Yugoslavia).
Moreover note that the meaning of “debt
crisis” is that subjugated nations that were unable to meet balance of payments
obligations to imperialist-controlled banks threatened the survival of such
banks, and thus this privately held debt was transferred to public
institutions, thereby socializing risk while insuring the sanctity of corporate
profit. (I.e., “crisis” does not here refer to those horrors being inflicted on
subjugated peoples.)
[Year of initial SAP implementation – nations]
1980 – Jamaica
1981 – Brazil; Mauritius; Uganda
1982 – Mexico; Ecuador; Bangladesh; Central
African Republic; Argentina; Tanzania
1983 – Chile; Ghana; Kenya; Malawi; Niger;
Somalia
1984 – Congo/Zaire; Mauritania; Senegal
1985 – Bolivia; Botswana; Costa Rica; Gambia;
Guinea; Sao Tome
1986 – Madagascar; Nigeria; Philippines;
Sierra Leone; Tunisia
1987 – Zambia; Algeria; Guinea-Bissau;
Mozambique; Sudan; Yugoslavia
1988 – Equatorial Guinea; Guyana; Hungary;
Pakistan; Sri Lanka
1989 – Cameroon; El Salvador; Jordan; Lesotho;
Trinidad; Venezuela; Congo (RC); Togo
1990 – Colombia; Czech Republic; Nicaragua;
Peru; Rwanda
1991 – Angola; Burkina Faso; Cote d’Ivoire;
Egypt; Ethiopia; India; Romania; Zimbabwe
1992 – Latvia; Reunion; Ukraine; Belarus;
Azerbaijan; Georgia; Armenia; Kazakhstan; Uzbekistan; Moldova
1993 – Benin; Gabon; Russia; S. Africa;
Surinam
1994 – Eritrea; Cambodia; Haiti; Mali
1995 – Seychelles; Swaziland; Tajikistan
1996 – Bosnia-Herzegovina; Comoros; Uruguay
1997 – Bulgaria; Djibouti; Indonesia
1998 – Mongolia; Paraguay; S. Korea; Thailand;
Yemen
1999 – Kosovo
5.
Rough chronological list of foreign territories “hosting” US military
installations. The range of years for each group attempts
to indicate when the country in question first began its role as “host” for US
military facilities. NB I’m still corroborating
these. [under construction]
“Mahan Doctrine” group (1898-1904): Guam; Puerto Rico; Philippines; Cuba;
Hawaii, Panama
“Monroe Doctrine-Crisis of Capital” group
(1905-1935): Antarctica; Azores;
Galapagos; Haiti; Liberia; Nicaragua; Samoa
“Welt Krieg” group (1939-1953): Antigua; Australia;
Bahamas; Belgium; Bermuda; British Guiana; Burma; Denmark; France; Germany;
Greece; Greenland; Iceland; Indonesia; Iran; Italy; Jamaica; Japan; Johnston
Atoll; Korea; Marshall Islands; Midway Islands; Morocco; Netherlands;
Newfoundland; New Zealand; Okinawa; Portugal; Spain; St. Lucia; Taiwan;
Thailand; Trinidad; Turkey; United Kingdom; Vietnam
“Post-Monroe Doctrine-War on Drugs/Depopulation”
group (1954-2002): Aruba, Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; Costa Rica; DRC; Ecuador;
El Salvador; Ghana; Guatemala;
Honduras; Ivory Coast; Nigeria; Peru; Rwanda; Senegal
“Carter Doctrine” group (1978-1981): Bahrain; Diego Garcia; Egypt; Israel; Kenya;
Oman; Somalia
“New World Order-Persian Gulf” group (1990-1991):
Kuwait; Qatar; Saudi Arabia; UAE; Yemen
“New World Order-Balkans” group (1991-2001): Albania; Bosnia; Croatia; Hungary; Kosovo;
Macedonia
“Afghanistan War/Caspian Basin” group (2000-2002):
Afghanistan; Azerbaijan; Georgia; India; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Pakistan;
Tajikistan; Uzbekistan
6.
Chronological list of US murder toll: [under construction]
The murder toll has been achieved by either direct
violence (e.g. the firebombing and nuking of Japan or the firebombing of
Dresden) or indirect/proxy “low intensity conflict” (e.g. Rwanda in the 90s or
Nicaragua in the 80s). (I have not here accounted for the deaths attributable
to SAP.) Some extremely conservative
estimates—
Native Americans (1776-2002): 4M
West Africans (1776-1865): 4M
Philippines (1898-1904): 600K
Germany (1945): 200K
Japan (1945): 900K
China (1945-60): 200K
Greece (1947-49): 100K
Korea (1951-53):
2M
Guatemala (1954-2002): 300K
Vietnam (1960-75): 2M
Laos (1965-73): 500K
Cambodia (1969-75): 1M
Indonesia (1965): 500K
Colombia (1966-2002): 500K
Oman (1970): 10K
Bangladesh (1971): 2M
Uganda (1971-1979): 200K
Chile (1973-1990): 20K
East Timor (1975): 200K
Angola (1975-2002): 1.5M
Argentina (1976-1979): 30K
Afghanistan (1978-2002): 1M
El Salvador (1980-95): 100K
Nicaragua (1980-90): 100K
Mozambique (1981-1988): 1M
Turkey (1984-2002): 50K
Rwanda (1990-1996): 1M
Iraq (1991-2002): 1M
Somalia (1991-1994): 300K
Yugoslavia (1991-2002): 300K
Liberia (1992-2002): 150K
Burundi (1993-1999): 200K
Sudan (1998): 100K
Congo (1998-2002): 3M
We should also take note that the United States
bears more than superficial responsibility for the Nazi Holocaust: e.g., the
turning away of Jewish, Romani, and other refugees; funding the concentration
camp system; underwriting the Third Reich’s military; delay in opening a western
front; policies of appeasement before the war; siding with the fascists during
the Spanish Civil War; turning down Stalin’s offer to attack Germany jointly in
1938; providing theoretical inspiration for lebensraum, final solutions,
anti-communism, anti-Semitism, etc; rebuilding Germany after the war with the
fascist infrastructure still intact; saving war criminals; general ideological
support; and so forth.
7.
Alphabetical list of rightwing dictators, reactionary movements, and
other reprehensible figures empowered/materially supported by the US: [under construction] It
seems as though the number one criterion for getting a job as the head of a
client state is a willingness to butcher leftists. Indeed, the use of unsavory rightists by the United States began
neither with the anti-Castro Cuban émigré community, nor with the Afghan
mujaheddin alumni, oh Nelly no!
[the dates provided are sloppily done, I
concede. At times, they are just the
general duration of the given regime (e.g., Selassie). Most others are the
duration of US support while the regime lasted (e.g., Hitler, Saddam Hussein,
etc.)]
Abacha, Sani (Nigeria: 1993-2000)
Afwerki,
Isaias (Eritrea: 1993-2002)
Amin, Idi (Uganda: 1971-1979)
Arévalo, Marco (Guatemala: 1985-1991)
Bakr, Ahmad (Iraq: 1968-1979)
Banzer Suarez, Hugo (Bolivia: 1971-1978)
Bao Dai (Vietnam: 1949-1955)
Barak, Ehud (Israel:
1999-2001)
Barre, Siad (Somalia: 1979-1991)
Batista, Fulgencio (Cuba:
1940-44/1952-1959)
Begin,
Menachem (Israel:
1977-1983)
Ben-Gurion,
David (Israel: 1948-1953, 1955-1963)
Betancourt
Bello, Rumulo (Venezuela: 1959-1964)
Bokassa, Jean-Bedel (Central African
Republic: 1966-1976)
Bolkiah, Sir Hassanal (Brunei:
1984-2002)
Botha, P.W. (South Africa: 1978-1989)
Branco, Humberto (Brazil: 1964-1966)
Carmona, Pedro (Venezuela: 2002)
Cedras, Raoul (Haiti: 1991)
Chamoun,
Camille (Lebanon: 1952-1958)
Chiang Kai-shek (China:
1928-1949/Taiwan: 1949-1975)
Christiani, Alfredo (El Salvador:
1989-1994)
Chun Doo Hwan (S. Korea: 1980-1988)
Cordova, Roberto (Honduras: 1981-1985)
Diaz, Porfirio (Mexico: 1876-1911)
Diem, Ngo Dinh (S. Vietnam: 1955-1963)
Doe, Samuel (Liberia: 1980-90)
Duvalier, Francois (Haiti: 1957-1971)
Duvalier, Jean Claude (Haiti: 1971-1986)
Eshkol,
Levi (Israel:
1963-1969)
Fahd bin'Abdul-'Aziz (Saudi Arabia:
1969-2002)
Feisal, King (Iraq: 1939-1958)
Franco, Francisco (Spain: 1937-1975)
Fujimori, Alberto (Peru: 1990-2002)
Habre,
Hissen (Chad: 1982-1990);
Hassan II (Morocco: 1961-1999)
Hitler, Adolf (Germany: 1933-1939)
Hussein, King (Jordan: 1952-1999)
Hussein, Saddam (Iraq: 1979-1990)
Kabila, Laurent (CDR: 1997-1998)
Karzai, Hamid (Afghanistan: 2001-2002)
Khan, Ayub (Pakistan: 1958-1969)
Koirala,
B. (Nepal: 1959-1960)
Lon
Nol (Cambodia: 1970-1975)
Marcos, Ferdinand (Philippines: 1965-1986)
Martinez, Maximiliano (El Salvador: 1931-1944)
Meir,
Golda (Israel: 1969-1974)
Meles
Zenawi (Ethiopia: 1995-2002)
Mobutu Sese Seko (Zaire: 1965-1997)
Moi, Daniel (Kenya: 1978-2002)
Montt, Efrain (Guatemala: 1982-1983)
Mubarak, Hosni (Egypt:
1981-2002)
Museveni, Yoweri (Uganda: 1986-2002)
Musharaf, Pervez (Pakistan: 1999-2002)
Mussolini, Benito (Italy: 1922-1939)
Netanyahu,
Benjamin (Israel:
1996-1999)
Noriega, Manuel (Panama: 1983-1989)
Odria, Manuel (Peru: 1948-1956)
Omar, Mohamed (Afghanistan: 1996-2001)
Ozal, Turgut (Turkey: 1989-1993)
Pahlevi , Rezi (Iran: 1953-1979)
Papadopoulos, George (Greece: 1967-1973)
Park Chung Hee (S. Korea: 1960-1979)
Pastrana, Andres (Colombia: 1998-2002)
Peres,
Shimon (Israel: 1977, 1984-1986, 1995-1996)
Perez Jimenez, Marcos (Venezuela: 1952-58)
Pinilla, Gustavo (Colombia: 1953-1957)
Pinochet, Augusto
(Chile: 1973-1990)
Pol Pot (Cambodia: 1975-1998)
al-Qaddafi, Muammar (Libya: 1969-1971)
Rabin,
Yitzhak (Israel: 1974-1977, 1992-1995)
Rabuka, Sitiveni (Fiji: 1987, 1992-1999)
Al Sadat, Anwar (Egypt: 1970-1981)
Selassie, Halie (Ethiopia: 1941-1974)
Salazar, Antonio (Portugal: 1932-1968)
Saud, Abdul Aziz (Saudi Arabia:
1944-1969)
Seaga, Edward (Jamaica: 1980-1989)
Shamir,
Yitzhak (Israel: 1983-1984; 1986-1992)
Sharett,
Moshe (Israel: 1953-1955)
Sharon, Ariel (Israel: 2001-2002)
Smith, Ian (Rhodesia: 1965-1979)
Somoza Sr., Anastasio (Nicaragua:
1936-1956)
Somoza Jr., Anastasio (Nicaragua:
1963-1979)
Stroessner, Alfredo (Paraguay: 1954-1989)
Suharto, General (Indonesia: 1966-1999)
Syngman Rhee (S. Korea: 1948-1960)
Tolbert, William (Liberia: 1971-1980)
Trujillo, Rafael (Dominican Republic:
1930-1960)
Tubman, William (Liberia: 1944-1971)
Uribe, Alvaro (Colombia: 2002)
Videla, Jorge (Argentina: 1976-1981)
Yeltsin, Boris (Russia: 1991-1999)
Zaim, Hosni (Syria: 1949)
Zia Ul-Haq, Mohammed (Pakistan: 1977-1988)
other nasty nasties:
RPF (contra French client
Rwanda);